Thứ Ba, 1 tháng 5, 2012

Observatory

Kinh Doanh | medical school interview questions |

Changes in Social Status Seen in Monkeys' Genes

By SINDYA N. BHANOO
Published: April 9, 2012
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Social stress is known to have adverse health effects on both humans and primates.

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National Primate Research Center

Researchers found they could predict a female macaque's social ranking by looking at its genes.

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Now, researchers report that it also affects the immune system of female rhesus macaques at the genetic level.

"Social stress seemed to have a relatively strong and pervasive effect on the regulation of the genome," said Jenny Tung , an evolutionary anthropologist at Duke University and the first author of a study on the monkeys; it appears in the current issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences .

She and her colleagues found differences in nearly 1,000 genes in the white blood cells of macaques. They focused on the monkeys' T cells and other white blood cells that play a role in immunity .

"Although all of the monkeys have the same set of genes in their white blood cells, not all of them turn on these genes to the same degree," Dr. Tung said.

Dr. Tung and her colleagues were able to predict the social ranking of a female macaque with 80 percent accuracy simply by looking at the genes.

They worked with 49 macaques at the Yerkes Primate Research Center at Emory University.

They also found that if a macaque's social rank changed, her gene expression did as well.

"If an individual is able to improve their social environment, the genome is pretty plastic, which is kind of optimistic," Dr. Tung said.

She said the results could provide insight into how to manage stress caused by social status in humans.

Theo www.nytimes.com

Big City

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A Vision of a Grim Past and a Hopeful Future

Michael Nagle for The New York Times

GROWTH Brenda Cyrus, a client and board member, gripping scissors at a ribbon-cutting on Wednesday for the expanded East New York Community Health Center.

By GINIA BELLAFANTE
Published: April 6, 2012
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On a bright morning last week, the East New York Community Health Center celebrated its gleaming expansion, something made possible largely by a $541,000 federal grant of the kind intended to flourish under the imperiled Affordable Care Act.

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Shirlene Cooper, an AIDS activist.

Supported by various public funds, the center is run by Housing Works , the 22-year-old nonprofit organization that acts as a kind of entrepreneurial Robin Hood, collecting the discards of the affluent — the merino wool sweaters, lacquered end tables and Lorrie Moore novels — and selling them to help finance the needs of poor people with H.I.V. and AIDS. The newly refurbished wing functions as a site for primary care, offering patients treatment for virtually any kind of ailment. Everyone is welcome no matter the particulars of insurance or immigration standing.

Death rates from AIDS in East New York are among the highest in the city, a matter that has supplied the center with its irrefutable abiding logic: that the best prevention against the disease is the maintenance of physical and mental well-being generally. To this end, substance-abuse treatment, pediatric care, dental care and counseling are all provided; so too is acupuncture.

According to the most recent municipal health statistics , there are more than 110,000 people living with H.I.V. or AIDS in New York City. In 2010, close to 80 percent of new diagnoses were among blacks and Hispanics, while transmission through heterosexual sex outpaced transmission through intravenous drug use by more than four to one.

Thirty-two thousand of those with clinical symptomatic H.I.V. or AIDS are poor enough to receive assistance — over and above Medicare and Medicaid — from the city's H.I.V./AIDS Services Administration, which despite recent and proposed cuts has an annual budget of more than $400 million. The wisdom of holistic, preventive care would hardly seem to require an ardent defense. The East New York Community Health Center embodies at once the vision of a hopeful, compassionate future and a grim, dismissive past. Adjacent to the new primary-care wing is its longstanding AIDS clinic, whose cafeteria one afternoon last week felt like an alternate final chapter of the story of New York in the 1980s, in which the accepted belief of revival and renewal is undermined by the realities of poverty's physical impact.

Most of the men and women sitting down to lunch were middle-age or older. I initially met Brenda Cyrus, 61, who contracted H.I.V. when she was living in the crime-ridden projects in Red Hook in the early 1980s. Her partner, who eventually died, had gone away to prison on a robbery charge, returned home sick and didn't tell her, Ms. Cyrus said.

For several years she didn't realize she had been infected, and she had two children. They tested negative, but her older son got sick himself and died at 22.

Another woman in the room, Shirlene Cooper, a passionate AIDS activist, embodied the extent to which the poor are susceptible to what doctors describe as problems of co-morbidity, the presence of multiple disorders.

Ms. Cooper, 49, grew up in the Walt Whitman Houses in Fort Greene. When she was young, her 4-year-old nephew was hit in the head by a stray bullet while he was outside playing. He survived, but another nephew was murdered by his girlfriend's son while Ms. Cooper was imprisoned for shoplifting.

"There was nothing for a young girl growing up there," Ms. Cooper told me. "Walking back and forth to school was dangerous; I lost interest." Eventually she turned to crack, marrying a Syrian man, who needed a green card, in exchange for money to support her drug habit.

Poverty and trauma and the courses she pursued as a result seemed to ravage every cell in her body. She received diagnoses not only of H.I.V. but also of cervical cancer, tuberculosis and syphilis. Ms. Cooper did not consider her circumstance particularly unusual. "If you imagine your life as a pie," she said, "half of it is spent in the hospital." Recently she learned that she had oral cancer.

When I introduced myself to Ms. Cooper, who sits on a city AIDS advisory board, she was helping an older man with AIDS, Jerry Adams, try to figure out what to do about housing. The lease was up on his apartment, which had mold and rodent problems.

He paid $40 for a credit check for a new place, but the landlord would not accept the voucher the city's Human Resources Administration is offering in place of security deposits. The use of vouchers is a practice Ms. Cooper and other activists have been seeking to reverse. She has also been working to agitate for a state law that would reduce rent burdens of poor people with AIDS.

The Affordable Care Act allocates $11 billion over five years to community health centers like the Housing Works site in East New York, which thanks to its expansion will be able to see more than twice as many primary-care patients a year — about 2,600 — approximately 80 percent of whom are homeless.

Twenty-six hundred is not an immense number in the skewed scale of New York, but the weight of a story like Ms. Cooper's strains any efforts at measurement. Two days after I met her, and a little over a week after the Supreme Court heard oral arguments pertaining to health care reform , she was admitted to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.

E-mail: bigcity@nytimes.com

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Turkish Writer Opens Museum Based on Novel

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ISTANBUL — The first thing you see are the cigarette butts. There are thousands of them — 4,213 to be exact — mounted behind plexiglass on the ground floor of the Nobel laureate Orhan Pamuk's new museum, named for and based on his 2008 novel , "The Museum of Innocence."

Jodi Hilton for The New York Times

Orhan Pamuk, center, whose novel "The Museum of Innocence" led to the museum, which opened on Saturday in Istanbul. More Photos »

By J. MICHAEL KENNEDY
Published: April 29, 2012
Multimedia
Slide Show
Orhan Pamuk's Novel Museum

It's a fittingly strange beginning to a tour of this quirky museum, tucked away in a 19th-century house on a quiet street in the Cukurcuma neighborhood, among junk shops that sell old brass, worn rugs and other bric-a-brac.

But it is also, like everything else on the museum's four floors, a specific reference to the novel — each cigarette has supposedly been touched by Fusun, the object of the narrator's obsessive love — and, by extension, an evocation of the bygone world in which the book is set.

" The Museum of Innocence " is about Istanbul's upper class beginning in the 1970s, a time when Mr. Pamuk was growing up in the elite Nisantasi district. He describes the novel as a love story set in the melancholic back streets of that neighborhood and other parts of the European side of the city. But more broadly it is a chronicle of the efforts of haute-bourgeois Istanbulis to define themselves by Western values, a pursuit that continues today as Turkey as a whole takes a more Islamic turn. Although Mr. Pamuk said the book explores the "pretensions" of upper-class Turks, who "in spite of their pro-Western attitudes are highly conservative," it is hard not to the see the bricks-and-mortar Museum of Innocence as largely an act of nostalgic appreciation.

Mr. Pamuk, 59, is Turkey's best-known writer, albeit a divisive one thanks to his Western orientation. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2006, around the time he was being tried and acquitted for making "un-Turkish" pronouncements about the Armenian genocide. In person he gives off an aura of the kind of elitism that can come with a privileged upbringing and a successful literary career.

As the museum was preparing to open late last week, with workmen hauling around ladders and a staff member stocking the gift-shop shelves with Mr. Pamuk's books, the author himself was going full tilt, giving orders and making last-minute tweaks as he walked a reporter through the displays.

He said the museum cost him about what he received for the Nobel — roughly $1.5 million — including what he paid for the house 12 years ago, when he had the idea for the project. Then there is the amount of time he has devoted to it on and off over the past dozen years: by his estimate about half a book's worth, a lot considering that his novels tend to run to 500 pages or more.

The museum's displays are organized according to the story line of "The Museum of Innocence," which opens as a wealthy, self-centered young man is making love with Fusun, a distant relative and store clerk he has met while shopping for his soon-to-be fiancée.

"And as I softly bit her ear, her earring must have come free and, for all we knew, hovered in midair before falling of its own accord," an opening line reads. Mr. Pamuk paused in front of the first of 83 display cases — there is one for each chapter of the book — and pointed to a single earring. Then he moved along to other vitrines, talking about how items were chosen and how a few displays were still works in progress even after all these years of preparation.

"As far as I know this is the first museum based on a novel," he said. "But it's not that I wrote a novel that turned out to be successful and then I thought of a museum. No, I conceived the novel and the museum together."

While writing the book he collected more than a thousand artifacts that reflect the story, from a tricycle to dozens of ceramic dogs, from lottery tickets to news clippings of women with black lines drawn across their eyes (once standard in Turkish newspaper coverage of women connected to scandal).

Mr. Pamuk's protagonist and narrator, Kemal Basmaci, becomes more and more obsessed with Fusun as other aspects of his life fall apart, and eventually he begins collecting things — and stealing them from Fusun's home — in what will ultimately become his life's work: the building of a museum in tribute to his onetime lover. For a time Mr. Pamuk became Kemal, looking for pieces that reflected each chapter as he wrote it, searching the junk shops of Istanbul and other parts of the world. The collection he assembled reflected not only the plot of "The Museum of Innocence," but also Istanbul during Turkey's halting movement into the modern era.

"We remembered how the Istanbul bourgeoisie had trampled over one another to be the first to own a electric shaver, a can opener, a carving knife, and any number of strange and frightening inventions, lacerating their hands and faces as they struggled to learn how to use them," Kemal says in the book.

Such items too are in the museum, along with old clocks, film clips, soda bottles and clothes of the era.

At the top of the house Mr. Pamuk sat down on a bench in front of the bed where Kemal is meant to have slept in the last years of his life as he assembled the museum. It was lonely-looking piece of furniture.

The Museum of Innocence opened to a small crowd on Saturday morning, after a packed news conference on Friday at one of Istanbul's fanciest restaurants. Most of the visitors seemed to be fans of the book who wanted to match their vision with Mr. Pamuk's. There was Latife Koker, who had traveled an hour and a half by bus that morning; Renata Lapanja, who lives in Slovenia; and Erdogan Solmaz, who, like Mr. Pamuk in his youth, is an architecture student at a university in Istanbul. He said Mr. Pamuk's efforts had made this collection starkly different from others in the city, which has some of the finest museums in the world.

"This one is about people," Mr. Solmaz said. "This is much more personal and dramatic."

Personal, yes, but only to a point, Mr. Pamuk said. "This is not Orhan Pamuk's museum," he said. "Very little of me is here, and if it is, it's hidden. It's like fiction." In his view both the book and the museum are largely about sadness, and in particular the "melancholy of the period."

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Localities, diplomat corps meet in Can Tho

Vu Quang Hung | summer school registration |

An exchange programme between Mekong Delta localities and the diplomatic corps in Vietnam took place in Can Tho city on April 28.



The event, co-organised by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) and the Southwestern Steering Committee (SSC), was attended by officials from 13 Mekong Delta provinces, more than 30 ambassadors, consul generals and representatives of international organisations in Vietnam.

The programme was one of the efforts made by the MOFA and the Mekong Delta localities to promote active international integration and deepen Vietnam 's relationship with countries and strengthen exchanges between Vietnamese people and the international community.

Speaking at the event, MoFA Deputy Minister Bui Thanh Son highlighted the great potential and strengths of the Mekong Delta region.

The Delta holds a specially important position for the country's socio-economic development and international integration, he stressed.

However, he said that the region is facing a lot of challenges such as climate change, the effective and reasonable use of water resources, prolonged floods and droughts, encroachment of sea water, and environmental protection.

The SSC Deputy Head, Tran Phi Ho, asked the foreign diplomats and representatives of international organisations and diplomatic agencies in Vietnam to help local businesses gain more access to the world market, strengthen connectivity and receive more ODA for infrastructure development.

On behalf of the diplomatic corps, Moroccan Ambassador to Vietnam El Houcine Fardani spoke highly of the initiative of the MoFA and SSC to organise such a meeting, considering it a valuable opportunity for the diplomatic corps' members to understand the Mekong Delta region's potential and advantages.

He expressed his belief that with its great potential in agriculture, fisheries and tourism, the Mekong Delta region will overcome challenges in the process of international economic integration to build an effective strategy for sustainable development.-VNA
Theo en.baomoi.com

Uneasy Calm Returns to Mali Following Heavy Fighting

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A prominent politician in Mali says an alleged counter coup d'état orchestrated late Monday night by a section of the military seems to have failed.
Mali's military junta leader, Captain Amadou Sanogo signs documents as the junta and the West African bloc ECOWAS announced a deal that includes the lifting of sanctions and an amnesty for those involved in last month's coup at the Kati military camp, nea
Photo: AFP
Mali's military junta leader, Captain Amadou Sanogo signs documents as the junta and the West African bloc ECOWAS announced a deal that includes the lifting of sanctions and an amnesty for those involved in last month's coup at the Kati military camp, near Bamako, on April 6, 2012.

Cheick Traore, leader of the African Convergence for Renewal (CARE) party and son of former President Moussa Traore, said Malians are confused by the state of affairs following heavy gun fighting between soldiers who support the junta and the Red Beret commandos. The commandos are said to support former President Amadou Toumani Toure.

"The junta sent some soldiers to arrest Abidine Guindo, the former chief of staff of the Red Berets. The commandos refused to give him up [and fighting erupted]. And then the commandos went to the national television and tried to take it over. I believe some people lost their lives," said Traore.

"The junta sent more soldiers towards the national television, and I can say this [late] evening they are in control so far of the national TV."

Abidine Guindo, the former chief of staff of the Red Beret commandos, is believed to have taken former President Toure to safety after mutinous soldiers stormed the presidential palace during the March 22 coup d'état.

Traore said the genesis of the alleged counter coup d'état is not yet clear.

'The question is who is behind that counter coup. That's what we might know in the coming hours or days…Captain [Amadou] Sanogo is supposed to make an announcement in [a] few hours on national TV, so we would know for sure what all of these things are about. Also, we would know for sure who is in control of what."

The heavy fighting is believed to have started at the junta's headquarters in Kita, in Western Mali.

Traore said an uneasy calm has returned to the capital, Bamako, following the fight between the Red Beret commandos and soldiers supporting the junta.

"Now things are quiet, and the junta said that they are in total control."

Meanwhile, during a live television broadcast, junta leader Captain Sanogo sharply denied the attempted arrest of former chief of staff, Abidine Guindo. He blamed foreign mercenaries for the attempted counter coup d'état.

Traore said the junta leader promised to begin on Tuesday showing the lifeless bodies of the soldiers who he said orchestrated Monday's coup attempt.

"They killed a lot of them and arrested a lot of them, and they [said] that there are a lot of mercenaries among them. So to them it was a coup d'état not coming only from Mali but coming from outside also. He said that they will show the bodies of all of the people involved in this thing and those arrested [who] came from other countries."

The junta leader also vowed to arrest more of the perpetrators behind the coup who he said will attempt to flee the country.

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Arab States Hold War Games as Tensions With Iran Mount

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Gulf Arab states are beginning two days of joint military exercises, as fears of an armed conflict with Iran continue to grow.
Abu Musa, the island at the center of an ongoing territorial dispute between Iran and the United Arab Emirates.
Photo: voa
Abu Musa, the island at the center of an ongoing territorial dispute between Iran and the United Arab Emirates.



The drills, dubbed "Islands of Loyalty," come amid an escalating territorial dispute between the United Arab Emirates and Iran over three strategic islands in the Persian Gulf.

Earlier this month, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visited one of the islands, Abu Musa, sparking a war of words between Abu Dhabi and Tehran.

The UAE Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Anwar Mohammed Gargash, said his nation was "fed up" with the Iranians' "occupation" of the land.

Iran's FARS news agency on Saturday provided one of the starkest warnings yet the dispute could result in war, quoting an unnamed military official as saying, "serious damage to the United Arab Emirates would be the first outcome."

Despite the strong rhetoric analyst David Roberts, the deputy director of the Royal United Services Institute for Defense and Security Studies in Qatar, says both countries would prefer to avoid a serious confrontation.

"It is certainly for show, but that is absolutely not to ignore the potential prospect that something could accidentally spark off here,"said Roberts. "If you put all of these forces in a small proximity in a slightly fevered atmosphere, anything could happen."

Research Director Theodore Karasic, of the Dubai-based Institute for Near East and Gulf Military Analysis, agrees.

"It only takes one little accident or incident to set off a chain of events that could ultimately lead to some kind of military confrontation and it is possible that the islands' issue could do that," said Karasic.

All three of the disputed islands are controlled by Iran and lie near the Strait of Hormuz, through which roughly one-fifth of the world's oil supplies are shipped.

Tehran has threatened to close the Strait in response to sanctions targeting its nuclear program and would likely use troops stationed on Abu Musa to do so.

Political risks analyst Andrew Bond, of the Institute of Gulf Affairs in Washington D. C., says many countries, including the United States, are concerned the islands confrontation could have a future impact on global oil supplies.

"There are some people in the [U.S.] administration who are nervous right now with what is going on," said Bond.

On Sunday, Iran's Majlis (legislature) National Security and Foreign Policy Committee reportedly held a meeting on Abu Musa to coincide with the Arab military drills.

The drills are being carried out by the Peninsula Shield Force, the joint army of the Gulf Arab states, to test the ability of ground, air and naval troops to carry out missions along coasts and on islands in territorial waters.

Peninsula Shield soldiers were used to quell Bahrain's anti-government uprising last year.

The United Arab Emirates says it is willing to take the islands dispute to international arbitration if a compromise cannot be reached diplomatically. Iran says its ownership if the islands is not negotiable.

Theo www.voanews.com

Thứ Hai, 30 tháng 4, 2012

US Delegation Remembers Holocaust Hero Wallenberg in Hungary

Kinh Doanh | summer school registration |

A United States Congressional delegation and other officials have gathered in Hungary"s capital Budapest to remember Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, who is credited with saving the lives of as many as 100,000 Hungarian Jews during World War II. Friday"s commemoration was part of a series of events marking the Raoul Wallenberg Year to commemorate his centennial birth.
World War II hero, Sweden's envoy to Nazi-occupied Hungary Raoul Wallenberg (undated photo)
Photo: AP
World War II hero, Sweden's envoy to Nazi-occupied Hungary Raoul Wallenberg (undated photo)



On a chilly day, representatives of the U.S. Congress and other officials laid a wreath at the Budapest monument of Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, hidden behind old trees.

While serving as Swedish envoy in Budapest from July 1944, Wallenberg gave Hungarian Jews Swedish travel documents and set up safe houses for them.

Among the thousands he saved was the late Tom Lantos, who was the first Holocaust survivor to be elected to the U.S. Congress.

Wallenberg is also credited with dissuading German officers from massacring the 70,000 inhabitants of Budapest's main Jewish ghetto.

Republican Representative Dan Burton, who led the Congressional Delegation, described Wallenberg as a special humanitarian.  "Raoul Wallenberg is one of those people that throughout history is very, very rare. He risked his life, saved over 100,000 people and paid dearly for it," he said.

It was a reference to the difficult life of the young diplomat.  Wallenberg eventually died in what was the Soviet Union where he had been taken by the invading Soviet Red Army, recalled the political director of Hungary's Foreign Ministry, Peter Sztaray.

"Wallenberg fought against a dictatorship and consequently disappeared in the prisons of another totalitarian power, the Soviet Communist regime," he said.

Moscow claims he died of a heart attack on June 17, 1947, in Soviet custody, but unverified witness accounts and newly uncovered evidence suggest he may have lived beyond that date.

Last month, Sweden announced it wants to reopen an investigation into Wallenberg's disappearance. Whatever the outcome of that research, the United States has already made Wallenberg an honorary citizen.

It's a rare honor that was only bestowed on two other persons, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Mother Theresa.

And, marking the Raoul Wallenberg Year commemorating his 100th year of birth, U.S. Representative Gregory Meeks, a Democrat, wants to go even further.

"I have the privilege along with Nan Hayworth in the United States to sponsor a bill to give him the Congressional Medal of Honor, the highest medal that the U.S. Congress can give," he said.

Friday's ceremony comes amid concerns over growing far-right extremism in Hungary, as well as elsewhere in Eastern Europe and the world.

Sweden's Chargé d'Affaires, Eddy Fonyodi, says Wallenberg's work isn't finished yet. "As long as minorities are discriminated against, as long as democracy and freedom of speech is threatened, as long as anti-semitism, Islamophobia or xenophobia still exists, Raoul Wallenberg's ideals are not fulfilled and his work is not done," he said.

About 600,000 Hungarian Jews died during World War II, when Hungary for the most part was a close ally of Nazi Germany.

There is frustration in Hungary that there is still no known grave of Raoul Wallenberg to lay flowers.

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